Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) frente a Western Blot

We propose the SRM technology as a complementary method to the Western Blot for the detection and quantification of proteins in a sample. The technique Western Blot has its own limitations: i) only a protein-of-choice is detected, ignoring any non-relevant proteins, ii) the sensitivity of the technique depends on the specificity of the antibody and iii) Western Blot is expensive and time-consuming. The advantages of SRM with respect Western Blot are remarkable: i) you can detect up to hundreds of different proteins in a sample, ii) SRM is more sensitive, because just 50 copies of the target protein per cell are enough for the detection and iii) once it has been made an investment in the necessary machinery to develop this technique, the detection of proteins in a sample turns into a cheaper, faster, more specific and full-quantitative procedure, without the need of using antibodies. First of all, SRM requires the identification of little peptides, obtained by tryptic digestion, whose sequence must be unique for a single protein or isoform. There is software for that aim. Then, it’s necessary to create isotope-labeled peptides of that identified for acting as internal standards. That sample is introduced in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer: it passes through a first quadrupole, which functions as a filter, where the fragments are selected, previously ionized, attending to the mass/charge (m/z) relation that correspond to that unique fragments of the protein of interest. In this first selection may be other peptides from other proteins, with the same m/z but with different sequence. To select those that are exclusive from the target protein, the fragments are moved to a second quadrupole, where they are fragmented again with a physical method, and so new smaller fragments are generated. All the new fragments are conduced to the third quadrupole, where just those which come from the protein of interest are selected, attending at their m/z again. The target peptide concentration is determined by measuring the observed signal response for the target peptide relative to that of the isotopic-labeled peptide, the concentration of which is calculated from a pre-determined calibration-response curve. Calibration curves have to be generated for each target peptide in the sample. Because SRM technology is increasing its use, there have been developed databases where the scientific community upload information about protocols and standards for each protein with the aim to facilitate the work to other researchers

Teleological structure of scientific and mathematical education

One of the main educational objectives in the current Spanish curricula is to develop mathematical and scientific competences, understood as the set of skills and abilities needed to apply Mathematics and Science in situations where are required. This is therefore closely related, on one hand, to the functionality of the knowledge, in the sense of its usefulness in problem solving and in mathematical and science modeling problems. And, on the other hand, is related to the understanding of disciplinary knowledge, a cognitive phenomenon that enables and gives competence to the individual to elaborate contextualized and accurate answers. These answers involve the use of mathematical and scientific knowledge in some of the categories of their phenomenological and epistemological dimensions. For this reason, in this work we carry out a theoretical and reflexive analysis that tries to determine which aspects of the Mathematics and Science Education should be promoted in order to optimize the formative dimension of an individual in these disciplines. This dimension, frequently forgotten in learning and teaching processes, turns out to be, in conjunction with the functional and instrumental dimensions, necessary to acquire the appropriate knowledge in Mathematics and Science that will enable future citizens to permanently adapt to the environment and eventually transform it positively. The results of the analysis show the components of this dimension that should be prioritized in the Science and Mathematics Education: the intellectual autonomy, understood as the ability to think for ourselves and to put in use our abilities and skills to generate information to solve real life problems and to make the right decisions; the moral autonomy, defined as the capacity to face with real life problems with ethical implications; and the social autonomy, understood as the aptitude to make decisions using social abilities and skills.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.“Criterios e instrumentos de evaluación de unidades de enseñanza y aprendizaje” (PPIT.UMA.B1.2017/16) financiado por la Universidad de Málaga en la convocatoria de 2017-2018

Las sociedades cooperativas de segundo grado y su relación jurídica con socios

Las sociedades cooperativas de segundo grado (SCSG) son el instrumento usualmente utilizado a nivel cooperativo para emprender procesos de integración. La globalización de los mercados y el mayor incremento de la competencia hacen precisa una rápida y eficiente respuesta en el mundo cooperativo. Las decisiones adoptadas por las sociedades cooperativas han ido encaminadas a la realización de procesos de integración o concentración, siendo la constitución de SCSG una de las vías más utilizadas. En ese proceso de integración juegan un papel fundamental y de gran relevancia los futuros socios de la SCSG, las sociedades cooperativas de primer grado. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las particularidades de la relación jurídica entre la SCSG y sus socios, sociedades cooperativas de primer grado. Nos centraremos en describir esta relación desde su implicación en la decisión de adherirse o constituir una SCSG, hasta su decisión de separación de ésta. Centraremos la exposición en la regulación que al respecto se hace a nivel estatal y andaluz.The importance of the second degree cooperative societies (SDCS) is something stated to cooperative level. The globalization of markets and the largest increase in competition do require a rapid and efficient response in the cooperative world. Decisions taken by the cooperative societies have been aimed at the realization of integration processes or concentration, being SDCS’s constitution one of the most heavily used routes. In this integration process takes and important and relevant key the future members of the SDCS: first degree cooperative societies. The aim of this article is to analyze the special juridical relation between the SDCS and its members. Our focus will be on describing relationship since his involvement in the decision to join or form a SDCS until his decision for removing it. The exposure is focused both on the national and Andalusian regulation.Des sociétés coopératives du deuxième degré (SCSG) sont l'instrument usuellement utilisé à un niveau coopératif pour entreprendre des processus d'intégration. La globalisation des marchés et la plus grande augmentation de la concurrence rendent une réponse efficiente et rapide précise dans le monde coopératif. Les décisions adoptées par les sociétés coopératives sont allées dirigées à la réalisation de processus d'intégration ou de concentration, en étant la constitution de SCSG l'une des voies les plus utilisées. À ce processus d'intégration ils jouent un papier fondamental et d'une grande importance les associés futurs de la SCSG, les sociétés coopératives du premier degré. L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser les particularités de la relation juridique entre la SCSG et ses associés, des sociétés coopératives du premier degré. Nous nous concentrerons pour décrire cette relation depuis son implication dans la décision d'adhérer ou de constituer une SCSG, jusqu'à sa décision de séparation de celle-ci. Nous pointerons l'exposition sur la régulation qui à ce sujet est faite à un niveau étatique et andalou

Mejora de la eficiencia energética de una red Campus

Castellano: Desde hace unos años atrás el uso de las TIC (Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación) se ha incrementado notablemente y casi exponencialmente. Este crecimiento ha ido acompañado de un aumento proporcional del uso de la energía que se utiliza para poder hacer funcionar todos los dispositivos que constituyen estas tecnologías. Por otra parte, la inclusión, más tarde que temprano, de los países emergentes o en fase de desarrollo como la China y la India en el uso de las TIC hará crecer el uso de estas y por lo tanto la demanda de energía aumentará para hacer frente a esta demanda creciente. El consumo de energía y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de las tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones (TIC) ha alcanzado niveles insostenibles produciendo efectos hasta ahora desconocidos y originando lo que se conoce comúnmente como el cambio climático. Ante este hecho, se ha de actuar con la más clara determinación e inmediatez posible intentando apostar y promover el uso de energías renovables alternativas a las energías renovables ya que no se terminan en un corto/medio plazo de tiempo y no producen emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en su producción. Otros problemas que generan las energías no renovables son que generan tensiones sociales y producen un deterioro al medioambiente considerable. En España en el año 2010 se alcanzó el 35% de porcentaje de cobertura eléctrica de las energías renovables alcanzando así el objetivo de llegar al 30% pero aun se ha de seguir aumentando este porcentaje con el paso del tiempo. Actualmente, las TIC consumen aproximadamente el 7% de toda la energía eléctrica producida en el mundo y se prevé que esta fracción se duplicará en el 2020. Además, un estudio de una empresa llamada Brocade, da como resultado que casi el 80% de los responsables de TI encuestados afirman que sus empresas gastan hasta un cuarto del total de sus presupuestos en costes energéticos. Lo más sorprendente de este estudio es que en al año anterior este porcentaje fue del 44% con lo que en un año ha subido un 35%. Ante este panorama, limitar el consumo de los servicios que ofrecen las empresas del sector de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación se ha vuelto una prioridad, ya que no solo ayuda al medioambiente este cambio, sino que ayuda a reducir los gastos dedicados al coste energético que, como se ha dicho antes, son elevados

Coding of information into video file

In this work we propose an algorithm for hiding information in an avi file. The avi file is splitted into its audio and video components. The audio is saved in a file and its parameters are not changed. In addition, the video is splitted into frames. The frame contains 24 images which are transformed by Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). By appliying the DWT we obtain four sub images each one with different band width. Once we have the frequencies splitted, places are chosen for hiding information. In this work the concealment is made inside another avi file. However, the procedure can be applied for any kind of information. The file to be hidden is splitted into audio and video. Both are concealed independently in the sub images from the original video. The video to be hidden is separated into its frequency components and only the lower ones are saved, while the others are deleted. The compressed version of the image to be concealed is inserted into the video’s sub images. Once the concealment has been done the Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT) is applied and the video is reconstructed again. To get the hidden information the same insertion process is made, and it applies the IDWT in the recover file

Real-World Attainment of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Goals in Patients at High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Treated with High-Intensity Statins: The TERESA Study

Despite steady improvements in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, a scarce proportion of patients achieve the recommended LDL-C goals, even under high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy (LLT). Our study aimed to evaluate the attainment rate of LDL-C targets recommended by the 2019 European guidelines, and to characterize potential factors associated with LDL-C goal achievement and change patterns in LLT. We conducted a retrospective, observational study on patients treated with high-intensity atorvastatin or rosuvastatin +/- ezetimibe at cardiology and internal medicine clinics across Spain. It included 1570 evaluable patients (median age: 62 years; established CVD: 77.5% [myocardial infarction: 34.3%]; and 85.8% at very high cardiovascular risk). Rosuvastatin +/- ezetimibe was the LLT in 52.2% of patients, and atorvastatin +/- ezetimibe in 47.8%. LLT had been modified in 36.8% of patients (side effects: 10%), being the most common switch from atorvastatin- to rosuvastatin-based treatment (77.2%). The risk-based LDL-C goal attainment rate was 31.1%, with 78.2% high-risk and 71.7% very high-risk patients not achieving the recommended LDL-C targets. Established CVD and familial hypercholesterolemia were significantly associated with the non-achievement of LDL-C goals. Although having limitations, this study shows that the guideline-recommended LDL-C goal attainment rate is still suboptimal despite using high-intensity statin therapy in a real-world setting in Spain